Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. de l'Art Chrétien," 1899, p. 390]). During the reign of Theodoric the Great the Christian populace of Rome burned the synagogue; but although he commanded the Senate to punish those who had done so, and though he permitted the Jews of Genoa to repair theirs, he allowed neither the building nor the decoration of synagogues elsewhere. Down to the completion of the Talmud, see the sources mentioned in Schürer, Gesch. Several Babylonian synagogues mentioned by Benjamin were named in honor of amoraim: the synagogues of Rab, Samuel, Isaac, Nappaḥa, Rabba, Mar Ḳashisha, Ze'era b. Ḥama, Mari, Meïr (at Hillah), Papa, Huna, Joseph, and Joseph b. Ḥama (pp. There was a synagogue at Ezra s tomb, and one near the grave of the prophet Ezekiel; the latter was said to have been built by King Jehoiachin ("Itinerary," ed. For nearly fifteen hundred years razed synagogues typified the fortunes of the Jewish communities, especially in Christian countries. The Sha'ar Hashamayim Synagogue (in Hebrew: שער השמים ‎; in Arabic: كنيس عدلي ‎) is located in the city of Cairo in Egypt. Hull Hebrew Congregation welcomes any Jewish person to join us at our Synagogue. These sections of the Bible are read by one member of the congregation while the rest of the congregatio… In 2008, the … iv.). J." 296). Bible," iii. 1, 10, 17; xviii. The segregation of men and women, a practice that is still observed in Orthodox synagogues, has been abandoned by Reform and Conservative congregations. It is not proper to demolish a synagogue and then to build a new one either on the same spot or elsewhere; but the new one should be built first (B. on Ps. 21) and rise above all surrounding edifices. A typical synagogue contains an ark (where the scrolls of the Law are kept), an “eternal light” burning before the ark, two candelabra, pews, and a raised platform (bimah), from which scriptural passages are read and from which, often, services are conducted. 672). 4). 65d; see above), Kefar Tiberias (Pesiḳ. By the middle of that century, all sizable Jewish communities had a synagogue where regular morning, afternoon, and evening services were held, with special liturgies on the Sabbath and on religious festivals. The best preserved of these ruins are those of Kafr Bir'im; while those of Ḳaṣyun contain a Greek inscription from the reign of the emperor Septimius Severus. The word "synagogue" comes from sunagoge, which is a Greek word. In the following list the name "Sambari" precedes the page numbers of citations from this latter source; all other references are to the pages of Grünhut's edition of Benjamin of Tudela's "Itinerary.". In the early-morning hours of Oct. 12, 1958, a bomb was set off at the synagogue… It thus becomes explicable why the religious attitude of both large and small communities in Europe and America appears most of all in the arrangement and the care of the synagogues; and it is not mere vanity and ostentation, which lead communities on both sides of the Atlantic to make sacrifices in order to build splendid edifices for religious purposes, such as are found in many cities. ; Shulḥan 'Aruk, Oraḥ Ḥayyim, 150, 151). should be to its destruction. Office-holder reports will be presented along with general business, shul maintenance and arrangements for services. These reforms likewise influenced the arrangement of the synagogue itself. 1; Soṭah vii. Synagogues have played an important role in preserving the Jewish religion and culture throughout history. Internal causes, however, which were not always unmixed blessings, were the prime agents in the increased importance of the synagogue. Whatever their origin, synagogues flourished side by side with the ancient Temple cult and existed long before Jewish sacrifice and the established priesthood were terminated with the destruction of the Second Temple by the Roman emperor Titus in 70 ce. 189). The Paradesi Synagogue was built in 1568 by Samuel Castiel, David Belila, and Joseph Levi for the flourishing Jewish community in Kochi composed mainly of Malabari Jews and the refugees from the Portuguese religious persecution of Jews locally from Cranganore and farther a field originating from Spain and Portugal. 129b; Philo, "De Vita Mosis," iii. Reinach (in "R. E. R. 196b), Kifra, or Kufra (Yer. The first rabbis were not celebrants of religious rites but teachers of religious texts; in fact, the word rabbi means “my teacher.”. The origin of the synagogue, in which the congregation gathered to worship and to receive the religious instruction connected therewith, is wrapped in obscurity. 7, 8; Tosef., Suk. 27b). 74a), Cæsarea (Yer. Sheḳ. 59) as places where Jesus taught. The unedited full-text of the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, Systems of Transliteration Citation of Proper Names. Among the Tannaim the name of Simeon b. Yoḥai was given to two synagogues, one at Meron (pp. Is the Jewish deli the new synagogue? After the return from the Captivity, when the religious life was reorganized, especially under Ezra and his successors, congregational worship, consisting in prayer and the reading of sections from the Bible, developed side by side with the revival of the cult of the Temple at Jerusalem, and thus led to the building of synagogues. 21a), and in the following century there was a synagogue of "the Romans" at Maḥoza, which belonged probably to Jews from the Roman empire (Meg. 1-20). 7 and, according to the very defensible reading of the LXX., also lx. All these synagogues stood at the graves of the amoraim whose names they bore. 13; xvii. It is also referred to as a shul, a Yiddish word related to the English word “school,” thus named since Torah is studied there as well. Grünhut, p. 158). 296). 1st ed., v. 53) that there was a synagogue of Elijah also in Sicily, at the time of Pope Gregory I. Benjamin found a "Keneset Mosheh" outside the city of Fostat (p. 94). Synagogue definition is - a Jewish congregation. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Some honor is to be paid even to the ruins of a synagogue or house of study. ; Bacher, "Ag. 8a [the Synagogue of the Babylonians]; Yer. 27; Josephus, "Contra Ap." (+44) 01392 251529 E-mail.webmaster@exetersynagogue.org.uk. 1; xvi. ; Yer. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. During the Merovingian period a synagogue at Orleans was destroyed by the mob, and the Jews were unable to induce King Guntram to permit it to be rebuilt (584). The intention of Ferdinand I. of Austria to transform the synagogues of Prague into churches (1557) was not executed, and it was reserved for Leopold I., another member of the house of Hapsburg, to issue the last general order to this effect recorded in history. ii. 3b), unless the walls of the old one show signs of falling. … 21; Luke vii. Coordinates. Modern synagogues carry on the same basic functions associated with ancient synagogues but have added social, recreational, and philanthropic programs as the times demand. In the Holy Land, in Syria, Babylonia, and North Africa, etc., the floor is spread with matting, on which the worshipers sit; but in the countries of Christendom they occupy chairs or benches. 105), while a second tradition gives the number as 480 (Yer. 4, 7). KJV: said unto the congregation, This [is] the thing INT: Moses to the congregation This is the thing. A synagogue is sometimes called a temple or a shul, which is a Yiddish word. 9a; Yer. The meeting, in the Paul Simon Hall, will start at 10.45am. is interpreted, in a midrash cited by Rashi and Ḳimḥi (ad loc. Literature of the 1st century ce refers to numerous synagogues not only in Palestine but also in Rome, Greece, Egypt, Babylonia, and Asia Minor. Eight years before (415), the Christians of Alexandria, instigated by Bisbop, Cyril, had confiscated the synagogue there and forced the Jews to emigrate, while at Constantinople the great synagogue was dedicated as the Church of the Mother of God, probably during the reign of Theodosius II. The Edinburgh New Hebrew Congregation was first recorded worshipping at a synagogue in Richmond Court in this period. 313). Benjamin mentions synagogues named in honor of Ezra at Laodicea (= Kalneh; comp. Ex. 16) and Capernaum (Mark i. When a small community sells its synagogue, it ought to impose on the purchaser the condition that the place must not be turned into a bath-house, laundry, cleansing-house (for vessels), or tannery, though a council of seven of the leading men in the community may waive even this condition (ib. Who invented the synagogue Well written piece, but there is only detail that goes unmentioned in the list of priorities which Jews had when a new place was opened for Jews to live in before a synagogue was built. The Brisbane Hebrew Congregation is the largest Jewish organisation in Queensland & its Synagogue is the oldest in Queensland. 32a). On the synagogue discovered by Fidel Fita under the name of the Church of Santa Quiteria, at Cordova, see "R. E. xlv. The following examples are taken from Benjamin of Tudela ("Itinerary"), from the list of tombs compiled for R. Jehiel of Paris (1240), and from a similar list entitled "Eleh ha-Massa'ot"; the two last-named sources are appended to Grünhut's edition of Benjamin of Tudela (pp. Recent Examples on the Web In April 1932, 21-year-old Herman Glick was shot in the neck outside a Lawndale synagogue. Philo expressly states ("De Legatione ad Caium," § 20) that the large population of Alexandria had many synagogues in various quarters of the city, and he says also (ib.) Forums Jwall Israel news Judaism Synagogues Mohels Jewish Calendar Zmanim Date converter Jewish birthday Yahrzeit Bar Mitzvah Calculator Bat Mitzvah Calculator Jewish holidays Israel Your rights in Israel Israel 101 Israel wars Higher education Bithright Israel Masa Store Sign Up Login. 2d ed., iv. Pope Gregory the Great was noted for his justice toward the Jews; yet he was unable to restore the synagogues that had been taken from them at Palermo by Bishop Victor and dedicated as churches, although he obliged the bishop to pay for them. The newly-seated senator told the newspaper that his use of a Hebrew Bible from the Hebrew Benevolent Congregation Temple was a nod to the southern Jewish … J." Exeter Hebrew Congregation, Exeter Synagogue, Synagogue Place, EXETER, Devon EX4 3EX Tel. A synagogue will usually have a large room for prayers. xi. 6, as reported by Alfasi, says: "The men of a city urge one another to build a synagogue [] and to buy a book of the Law, the Prophets, and the Hagiographa" (see "Yad," Tefillah, xi. Offering a warm and friendly atmosphere, every one of us is family and we meet the needs of all members and their children. In the event of a lifecycle emergency, please call Rabbi Starr, 410-660-9432. that when the Alexandrian synagogues were destroyed the same fate was shared by the shields, golden wreaths, stelæ, and inscriptions which in honor of the emperors had been set up in the open halls (περιβολαι) of the courts of the synagogues (Philo, "In Flaccum," § 7). 68b; Meg. Synagogue, also spelled synagog, in Judaism, a community house of worship that serves as a place not only for liturgical services but also for assembly and study. 11a), that the building should stand in the highest part of the town (comp. 8 [Hebr.]) Meg. xi. Meg. 157, x. The stone was found in the ancient Schedia, 20 kilometers from Alexandria; the king mentioned on it is Ptolemy, according to Th. Since the liturgy has no sacrifice, no priesthood is required for public worship. 462). When the institution of the synagogue began to emerge, the Temple in Jerusalem was still standing. J." In Hebrew, a synagogue is called beit knesset, which means, a "house of gathering". xlv. They also attest the wealth and culture of the Polish Jews before the year 1548 (see M. Bersohn, "Einiges über die Alten Holzsynagogen in Polen," in "Mitteilungen der Gesellschaft für Jüdische Volkskunde," 1901, viii. 164). (408-450), however, expressly forbade the Jews to build new synagogues; and when the Christians of Antiochia seized certain Jewish places of worship, the emperor, although he at first commanded their restoration, was later persuaded by St. Simeon Stylites to revoke the edict. Similar dedicatory inscriptions have been discovered in Lower Egypt, one of them declaring that the king had bestowed the rights of asylum (ἄσυλον) on the synagogue (ib. A synagogue may be turned into a house of study, but not viceversa; for the holiness of the latter is higher than that of the former, and the rule is (Meg. The founding of the New Hebrew Congregation marked its acrimonious split – along class and education lines – from the established Edinburgh Hebrew Congregation, which worshipped at Park Place and later in 1898 at the Graham Street Synagogue. v., end), Maon (Shab. Synagogal worship, therefore, however much it might vary in detail in different countries, was the most important visible expression of Judaism, and the chief means of uniting the Jews scattered throughout the world; while the academy, in like manner, guaranteed the unity of the religious spirit which animated the synagogue. Encyc. 51a; Tosef., ib. The synagogue of Cæarea rose to importance during the inception of this uprising (Josephus, "B. Encyc. Both these buildings were restored in the last decade of the nineteenth century, after being closed as churches and declared to be national monuments. The synagogue is the center of the Jewish religious community: a place of prayer, study and education, social and charitable work, as well as a social center.. What's in a Name? 35). ii.). 5; John vi. 47 et seq.). Known as the “cathedral” synagogue, Singers Hill is Birmingham’s most important and influential Synagogue. The apostle Paul preached in various synagogues in Damascus (Acts ix. xiii. As the place of public worship, the synagogue became the pivot of each community, just as the Sanctuary at Jerusalem had been the center for the entire people. The following information regarding transformed synagogues still existing in Spain is given by Kayserling: In the Calle de la Sinagoga in Toledo there is, in addition to the former synagogue of Samuel Abulafia, the great synagogue built in the reign of Alfonso X., now the Church of Santa Maria la Blanca, a name given it by Vicente Ferrer in the early part of the fifteenth century, when it was dedicated. i. It was decreed in the "pact of Omar" (see Jew. Honor should be paid to synagogues and houses of study. lxxiv.) 427-464. As I have traveled throughout the oldest cities in the eastern coast of the US and in South America, whenever I try to find the first vestiges of Jewish life, I have come accross … B. i. We are a small, but vibrant Community, whose interest is to keep the Jewish Faith and provide warmth and care to all Members of the Community. Teh. People must not conduct themselves lightly nor laugh, mock, discuss trifles, or walk about therein; in summer they must not resort to it for shelter from the heat, nor in winter should they make it serve as a retreat from the rain. ), and the community crystallized around the synagogue, the only possible organization for the Jews of the Diaspora. When the "messenger of the congregation" arises in prayer he stands on the floor before the Ark (this, however, is not the custom among the Sephardim of the present time). J." JewSurf.com - Find Jewish Synagogues according to location. JCS is the epicenter of the Jewish scene in Palm Beach, providing unparalleled service and entertainment and reliving our rich Jewish History. In the province of Mosul (Ashur), Benjamin (p. 48) saw the synagogues of the three prophets Obadiah, Jonah, and Nahum. Only a few synagogues of the Babylonian diaspora are mentioned by name in the Talmud. 45-61, 217-223). 2; Luke iv. 6, § 3) and the great synagogue at Tiberias, in which, during the war against Rome, political meetings were once held on the Sabbath and the following days ("Vita," § 54). The evangelists refer to the synagogues of Nazareth (Matt. The great synagogue of Amsterdam, dedicated in 1675, is a monument both to the faith of the Hispano-Portuguese Maranos and to the religious freedom which Holland was the first to grant to the modern Jews; a similar monument is the Bevis Marks Synagogue, London, which was dedicated in 1701 (see Gaster, "History of the Ancient Synagogue," London, 1901). The word “synagogue” is the Greek parallel to the Hebrew term beit knesset, “house of gathering.”. Corrections? In his commentary on Job xxi. 139a; Zab. Remains of ancient synagogues, some of which date from the second or, perhaps, even from the first century of the common era, have been found in various localities of northern Galilee, in the vicinity of Lake Merom, and on the shores of Lake Gennesaret (see Renan, "Mission de Phénicie," pp. When Philip the Fair expelled the Jews from France, in 1307, the synagogues were either sold or given away, one of those in Paris being presented by the king to his coachman; Louis X. restored them when the Jews were recalled in 1315. 68, 75, Pethahiah) were placed in front of synagogues, and Benjamin (p. 41) mentions a synagogue near Tiberias named in honor of Caleb, the son of Jephunneh—apparently the synagogue built, according to Pethahiah's itinerary, by Joshua, the son of Nun. ii. The place of meeting was called "bet ha-keneset," since an assembly of the people for worship was termed a "keneset"; the assembly described in Neh. vii. The synagogue of Samuel Abulafia at Toledo and other Spanish synagogues still standing have been mentioned above. lviii. The synagogue has in the future, as it has had in the past, a distinct mission to fulfil for the Jews. also the allusion to the "proseucha" in Juvenal, "Satires," iii. 9 (comp. Josephus mentions both the synagogue built by Agrippa I. at Dora ("Ant." v. 122). 60, 61, 63, 65). 3d ed., vi. The Turei Zahav Jewish Community, an organisation that helps revive Jewish life and heritage in Western Ukraine, has warned repeatedly in recent years that inaction on the synagogue … xxxix. 209-216). 44 et seq. ; Yer. Theodosius II. 118b), Sepphoris (Pesiḳ. Prov. In a synagogue, Jews carry out the Jewish services, which consist of prayers, sometimes with special actions. According to various ancient sources, during the period of…, The synagogue in which the community assembled became not merely a house of prayer but also a school, with a “house of the book” (, …remained central in Jewish worship, synagogues had already emerged as places for Torah reading and communal prayer and worship during the Babylonian Exile in the 6th century. 8a, 30b [thirteen synagogues]; Yer. HEBREW CONGREGATION FINCHLEY ROAD WESTCLIFF-ON-SEA ESSEX SS0 8AD TEL 01702 344900 FAX 01702 391131 EMAIL shuloffice@swhc.org.uk. der Ungarisch-Israelitischen Litteraturgesellschaft, 1898, pp. 14, §§ 4-5); it was called the "revolutionary synagogue" ("kenishta di-meradta") as late as the fourth century (see Grätz, "Gesch." A ritual bath (mikvah) is sometimes located on the premises. The synagogues of Palestine are first mentioned in Ps. These Galilean ruins are especially important as showing the architecture of the ancient Palestinian synagogues, which bears general traces of Greco-Roman influence, although it has not surrendered its individuality (see Schürer, l.c. Benisch, pp. The origins of this institution are obscure, and a number of hypotheses have been proposed to account for the appearance of this lay-oriented form of worship. B. There is no standard synagogue architecture. 16, "Yet will I be to them as a little sanctuary," was rightly interpreted, therefore, to mean that in its dispersion Israel would retain the synagogue as a sanctuary in miniature in compensation for the loss of the Temple (Targ. The chief factors which promoted and determined the construction of new synagogues were the emancipation of the Jews from the seclusion of the ghetto, their increasing refinement of taste, and their participation in all the necessities and luxuries of culture. Some of the synagogues mentioned in the sources quoted above are described as buildings of exceptional beauty, although statements to that effect are rarely found elsewhere. 1): "They raise up in holiness, but do not lower in holiness.". Egypt), in which Moses himself was said to have prayed (comp. DONATIONS. In sketching briefly the external history of the synagogue, it is, in a sense, ominous that the first allusion to it (in Ps. The epoch of the Crusades wasinitiated by "the liberation of Jerusalem," when the victorious crusaders drove the Jews into a synagogue and cremated them there (1099). Ber. The synagogue of Severus at Rome is mentioned in an ancient literary document dealing with the variant readings in a copy of the Pentateuch (see Schürer, "Gesch." Those situated in Shaf we-Yatib, near Nehardea, and in Huẓal (Meg. Other passages give the additional information that the foreign Jews at Jerusalem had their own synagogues. 29), which refers also to the synagogues of the Cyrenians, Cilicians, and Asiatics. The earliest document relating to the settlement of the Jews in Egypt and their adoption of Ḥellenic customs was discovered in 1902. In III Macc. The synagogue is the Jewish place of worship, but is also used as a place to study, and often as a community centre as well. DHC Synagogue is a warm and welcoming Reform Jewish community in Darlington, where families and friends connect with each other, engage in meaningful prayer, and celebrate our traditions and culture. 163). ix. ix. Under the leadership of the Board and Rabbi Levi Jaffe, the Brisbane Hebrew Congregation offers many of the services which are important to a Jewish way of life. This is a marble slab with the following inscription in Greek: "In honor of King Ptolemy and Queen Berenice, his sister and wife, and their children, the Jews [dedicate] this synagogue" (προσενχή). p. 137), the name of "Kanisat Musa" was given to the synagogue of Damwah (see Jew. The Hebrew Congregation of St. Thomas was founded in 1796, and its picturesque Synagogue is one of only three National Historic Landmarks on the island. Pethahiah mentions two synagogues built by Ezra at Nisibis. A church at the entrance to the ghetto of Saragossa is said to have been a synagogue; but there are no documents to verify this statement, although the style of architecture supports it. Bik. ix. Its site was occupied in the fourth century by a Christian basilica dedicated to the Maccabean martyrs (the seven brothers mentioned in II and IV Maccabees [see Cardinal Rampolla in "Rev. J." Islam) that in those countries which should be conquered no new synagogues might be built, nor old ones repaired. The term was preserved by the Hellenistic Jews as the name for the synagogue (προσευχή = οἶκος προσευχῆς; comp. The synagogue, consequently, is the most important feature of the Jewish community, which is inconceivable without it. Throughout this site, I have used the word "synagogue," but there are actually several different terms for a Jewish "House of Worship," and you can tell a lot about people by the terms they use. v. 64, s.v. The "house of the people" (Jer. Meg. When the victories of Belisarius subjugated northern Africa to the Byzantine empire, Justinian commanded (535) that the synagogues should be transformed into churches. Its traditional functions are reflected in three Hebrew synonyms for synagogue: bet ha-tefilla (“house of prayer”), bet ha-kneset (“house of assembly”), and bet ha-midrash (“house of study”). A Latin inscription was found in the outer court, while a mosaic with an inscription, and picturing various animals and the seven-branched candle-stick, was set in the floor of the synagogue itself ("R. E. It is also quite noteworthy that Benjamin of Tudela does not praise the architecture of any synagogue in the European countries through which he traveled; but it must be borne in mind that the cities of Spain were not included in his descriptions. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The other focus of observance is the synagogue. xviii. Targ., Ex. Sephardic Jews (or Spanish Jews) were forced to convert to Christianity or flee their homes. The origins of this institution are obscure, and a number of hypotheses have been proposed... Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. 3d ed., iii. In the nineteenth century the great changes which ushered in a new epoch in the history of the civic and intellectual status of the European Jews affected also the style and the internal life of the synagogue, especially as religious reform proceeds primarily from that institution, and is chiefly concerned with synagogal worship. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). 5, 14; xiv. xiii. 24b; comp. In the third century there was a synagogue named in honor ofDaniel ('Er. Other scholars trace the origin of synagogues to the Jewish custom of having representatives of communities outside Jerusalem pray together during the two-week period when priestly representatives of their community attended ritual sacrifices in the Temple of Jerusalem. In 1473 the Jews were expelled from Mayence and their synagogue dedicated to Christian worship. They are essentially democratic institutions established by a community of Jews who seek God through prayer and sacred studies. 4. The codes teach, further, on the strength of a saying ascribed to Rab (Shab. We love to welcome new members and visitors to our Shul by the Sea! i. In Syria the great synagogue of Antioch was famous; to it, according to Josephus ("B. Columbia Jewish Congregation 5885 Robert Oliver Place Columbia, MD 21045 Email: cjc@columbiajewish.org Phone: 410-730-6044. ), as referring to the synagogue, and "bet 'amma," the Aramaic form of this phrase, was the popular designation in the second century for the synagogue (Simeon b. Eleazar, in Shab. 136b [the great synagogue]; Yer. 55a). Ezek. 3d ed., ii. Two decades later all the Jews were expelled from Spain, their synagogues were turned into churches and convents, and the magnificent synagogue at Toledo, built in the fourteenth century by the statesman Samuel Abulafia, became the Church de Nuestra Señora de San Benita (or del Transito), still existing as a monument to the former splendor of the Jewish culture of Spain. 39; Pesiḳ. Buber, "Ḥayye Sarah," p. 7), this custom, apparently, being due to the fact that after the destruction of the synagogues by the Persians during the Sassanian period the Jews were forbidden to rebuild within the city limits (see Hastings, "Dict. Omissions? In eastern Mohammedan countries the names of Biblical personages or of representatives of tradition (e.g., a tanna or amora) were given to many synagogues. There are but few details given in traditional literature concerning the other synagogues of Palestine, although mention is made of those in Beth-shean (Scythopolis; Yer. Ottoman Sultan Beyazid IIgranted these Jews (with their European scientific and economic knowledge) to take refuge in the Ottoman Empire and allowed them to live on the banks of the Golden Horn. The old synagogue at Segovia, burned in 1899, was dedicated as the Church of Corpus Christi (see "R. E. Ta'an. Ber. 7), may have used a phrase which, in the time of the Exile, designated the place of united worship; this interpretation is possible, furthermore, in such passages as Isa. The synagoguecontinued to be known by this name, although it was called also, briefly, "keneset" (Aramaic, "kanishta"), and, in Greek, συναγωγή. 10), and Ṭibe'in (Tosef., Meg. Ahavath Achim, which means brotherly love, has been our name for over 100 years and is the essence of our Shul. ix. Cantillation consists of the musical system for chanting texts from the Bible. By the time it had become the central institution of Judaism (no period of the history of Israel is conceivable without it), it was already regarded as of ancient origin, dating back to the time of Moses (see Yer. According to Judah al-Ḥarizi, there were several magnificent synagogues at Toledo, second to none, among them being the splendid edifice built by Joseph b. Solomon ibn Shoshan (Grätz, "Gesch." The synagogue of a village, being built only for the people around it, may be sold on a proper occasion; but a synagogue in a great city, which is really built for all Israelites who may come and worship in it, ought not to be sold at all.
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